Biosphere Reserves

NP - National Park
WS - Wildlife Sanctuary
WHS - UNSECO World Heritage Site
PT - Project Tiger
PE - Project Elephant
TR - Tiger Reserve

Name	Includes	State	Location	Imp. Animal
Cold Desert	NP	Himachal Pradesh	Lahaul and Spiti	Snow leopard
Nanda Devi	Nanda Devi NP	Uttarakhand	Chamoli, Pithoragarh & Bageshwar	Snow leopard, Black bear
Kanchenjunga	Kanchenjunga NP	Sikkim		Snow leopard, Red panda
Dihang Dibang	Mouling NP, Dibang WS	Arunachal Pradesh	Dibang Valley, Upper Siang, West Siang	Mishimi takin, Musk deer
Dibru-Saikhowa		Arunachal Pradesh	Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts	Golden langur
Manas	Manas NP, WHS, PE, PT	Assam		Golden langur, Red panda
Nokerk	Nokerk NP	Meghalaya	West Garo Hills	Red panda
Kutch		Gujarat	Kutch, Rajkot, sundernagar	Indian wild ass
Panchmarhi		Madhya Pradesh	Hoshingabad, Betul, Chindwara	Giant squirrel, Flying squirrel
Panna	Panna NP	Madhya Pradesh	Panna, Chhatrapur	Tiger, Chiital, Sambhar, Chinkara, Sloth Bear
Achanakmar-Amarkantak		Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh	Bilaspur, Anuppur	Four horned antelope, Indian wild dog, White runt vulture
Sundarban	Sundarban NP, TR, WHS	West Bengal		Bengal Tiger
Simplipal	Simplipal NP	Orissa	Mayurbhanj	Gaur, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant
Seshachalam		Andhra Pradesh	Chittoor, Kadappa	Slender lauris
Niligiri	NP- Bandipur, MAdumalai, Nagerhole, WS- Wayanad, Satyamangalam	Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka	Western Ghats - Madumalai, Nagarhole
Agasthyamala		Kerala, Tamil Nadu		Niligiri nahar, Elephant
Gulf of Mannar	Gulf of Mannar NP	Tamil Nadu	Tuttikodi, Dhanushkodi	Dolphin, Whale, Dugongs
Great Nicobar	Campbell Bay NP, Galatea NP	Andaman & Nicobar		Nicobar long tailed macaque, salt water crocodile, malayan box turtle, sea turtle, nicobar tea shrew, reticulated python, coconut crab

National Parks

jammu & kashmir
- dachigam
  - kashmiri Stag
- hemis
  - asiatic ibex
  - snow leopard
  - great tibetan sheep
himachal pradesh
- great himalayan
  - blue sheep
  - snow leopard
  - brown bear
  - himalayan taher
  - musk deer
- maharana pratap
  - barking deer
  - sambhar
  - wild boar
  - leopard
uttarakhand
- jim corbett
  - bengal tiger
  - indian elephant
  - black bear
  - leopard
- rajaji
  - elephant
  - chhittal
- valley of flowers
  - asiatic black bear
  - musk deer
  - red fox
  - blue sheep
  - brown bear
  - leopard
uttar pradesh
- dudhwa
  - tiger
  - swamp deer
- chandra prabha
bihar
- bhimbandh
  - tiger
  - leopard
  - peafowl
  - rabbit
  - barking deer
jharkhand
- betla
- palamau ws
- hazaribag ws

Aquatic organisms

Neustons - Unattached organisms which live at air-water interface such as floating plants, etc.
Periphytons - They remain attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants or substances emerging aboce the bottom mud such as sessile algae
Planktons
- These are free floating species with limited powers of locomotion
- This group includes
  - microscopic plants like algae (phytoplanktons)
  - animals like crustaceans and protozoans (zooplanktons)
Nektons - This group includes animals which are swimmers
- The animals range in size from the swimming insects to the the largest animals, blue whale
Benthos - These are found living in the bottom of water mass

Ecological Relationships

Effect on X	Effect on Y	Type of interaction
-	-	Competition
-	0	Amensalism
-	+	Exploitation
0	0	Neutralism
0	+	Commensalism
+	+	Mutualism

Amensalism

Organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by itself
eg. Sheep trampling grass

Exploitation

one species benefits at the expense of other
eg. Predation, Parasitism, Herbivory
Batesian mimicry is an exploitative interaction, where one species has evolved to mimic another, to the advantage of copying species but to the detriment of the species being mimicked

Neutralism

interact but do not affect each other

Commensalism

benefits one organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed

Mutualism

species derive mutual benefit, for example an increased carrying capacity

Competition

interaction in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another

IUCN Red list

Red Data Book

Listing of threatened species
Gland, Switzerland
First issued in 1966
Red means danger
Includes CR, EN, VU, NT
Critically endangered
- reduction in population >90% over last 10 year
- number is less than 50 mature individuals
- high risk of extinction in wild

Critically Endangered

Pygmy Hog
- ecological indicator of grassland
- only in Sonai Rupai area, Manas WS, Assam
- due to degradation of grasslands, dry season burning, grazing
Andaman white toothed shrew
- endemic to india
- nocturnal
- mount harriet in south andaman islands
- campbell bay NP, A&N
Elvira rat
- large rock rat
- endemic to india
- only in eastern ghats of tamil nadu
- tropical dry deciduous forests
Namdapha flying squirrel
- Namdapha Tiger Resserve, Arunachal Pradesh
- tropical forests
Malabar civet
- travancore
- nocturnal
Sumatran & Javan Rhinoceres
- foothills of himalayas and NE India
- only a small number survive in Java and Vietnam
Kashmir Stag/Hangul
- native to india
- J&K
Himalayan Brown Bear
- North tibet, far north india, north pak
- Sexual dimorphism
- hibernation in october
Kondana Rat
- pune, maharashtra
- endemic to india
- tropical and sub-tropical dry deciduous forest

Biosphere Reserves

National Parks

Wildlife and Ecology related data

Aquatic organisms

Ecological Relationships

Amensalism

Exploitation

Neutralism

Commensalism

Mutualism

Competition

IUCN Red list

Red Data Book

Critically Endangered