Influence of other constitutions

British Constitution

Parliamentary form of government
Idea of single citizenship
Idea of rule of law
Institution of Speaker and his/her role
Lawmaking procedure
Procedure established by law

US Constitution

US Bill of rights
Federal Structure of government
Electoral College
Independence of the judiciary and seperation of powers among the three branches of government
Judicial Review
President as supreme commander of armed forces
Equal Protection under law

Irish Constitution

Directive principles of state policy

Australian Constitution

Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states
Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction
Concurrent list
Terminology for the preamble

French Constitution

Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity

Canadian Constitution

A quasi-federal form of government
- a federal system with a strong central government
Distribution of powers between central government and state governments

Constitution of the Soviet Union

Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A
A constitutionally mandated planning commission to oversee the development of the economy

Other Constitutions

Germany
- Emergency Provision
South Africa
- Amendment of Constitution
Japan
- Due procedure of law

Important Articles

Article	Deals With
1	Name and Territory of Union
2	New States Formation, Alteration of Boundaries etc.
13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights
14	Right to Equality
15	Prohibition of Discrimination
16	Equality in case of Public Employment
17	Abolition of Untouchability
18	Abolition of Titles
19	Right to Freedom
19A	Freedom of Speech & Expression
19D	Right to move freely in India
19G	Freedom to practise any profession
21	Right to Life and Personal Liberty
21A	Right to Education
23	Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour
24	Prohibition of child labour
25	Freedom to practise & propagate religion freely
29	Prohibition of Interests of Minorities
32	Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights
44	Uniform Civil Code
50	Seperation of Judiciary from Executive
51A	Fundamental Duties
72	Powers of President to Grant Pardons etc.
76	Attorney-General of India
78	Duties of PM
85	Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation & Dissolution
100	Voting in Houses
105	Powers and Privilege of MPs
106	Salaries and Allowances of MPs
109	Money Bills
112	Budget
148	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
280	Finance Commission
312	All India Services
335	SCs and STs claim to Services and Posts
343	Official Language
352	National Emergency
356	President's Rule
360	Financial Emergency
368	Ammendment of Constitution

Schedules

List in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the government

Learning Way

TEARS OF OLD PM
territory
emoluments
affirmation/oaths
rajya sabha
scheduled areas
other scheduled areas
federal provisions
official languages
land reforms
defection
panchayat
municipalities

Schedule 1

Article 1 and 4
List the states and territories of india
Lists any change to their borders and the laws used to make that change

Schedule 2

Lists the salaries of officials holding public offices, judges and CAG

Schedule 3

Forms of Oath
Lists the oath of offices for elected officials and judges

Schedule 4

Details the allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha per state or ut

Schedule 5

Provides for administration and control of scheduled areas and schduled tribes
These areas and tribes need special protection due to disadvantageous conditions

Schedule 6

Provisions made for administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

Schedule 7

Article 246
The union, state and concurrent lists of responsibilities

Schedule 8

Article 344(1) and 351
The official languages

Schedule 9

Validation of certains acts and regulations
Land reforms

Schedule 10

Anti-defection provisions for MP and Members of state legislatures

Schedule 11

Panchayat Raj
rural local government

Schedule 12

Municipalities
urban local government

Writs

Power to issue writs is primarily a provision made to make available the Right to Constitutional Remedies to every citizen .

Habeas Corpus

You must have the body
Bring the detained person before the court so as to enable the court to decide the validity, jurisdiction or justification for such detention
Gopalan vs GoI

Quo Warranto

What is your authority
Used to judicially control executive action in the matter of making appointments to public offices under relevant statutory provisions

Mandamus

Command issued by a court directing an authority to perform a public duty imposed upon it by law
Bombay Municipality vs Advance Builders

Certiorari

inform
issued by Supreme Court (Art. 32)
issued by High Court (Art. 226)
direct inferior courts, tribunals or authorities
transmit to the court the record of proceedings disposed of or pending therein for scrutiny, and, if necessary, for quashing the same
But can not be called for an act or ordinance

Prohibition

issued when inferior court or tribunal
- proceeds to act without jurisdiction or in excess of jurisdiction
- proceeds to act in violation of rules of natural justice
- proceeds to act under a law which is itself ultra vires or unconstitutional
- proceeds to act in contravention of fundamental rights

Amendments

Amendment	Year	Importance
7	1956	Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and abolition of class A, B, C and D states
42	1976	Fundamental Duties prescribed, India became Socialist Secular Republic
44	1978	Right to Property deleted
45	1980	Extended the period of SC/ST reservation for 10 more years (till 1990)
52	1985	Defection to another party after election made illegal
61	1989	Voting age reduced to 18 from 21
86	2002	Free and compulsory education to children b/w 6 and 14
101	2016	GST

FR, FD, DPSP

Fundamental Rights

Part III (Article 12-35)

Article	Deals With
12	Definition of Fundamental Rights
13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights
14	Equality before law
15	Prohibition of Discrimination
16	Equality in case of Public Employment
17	Abolition of Untouchability
18	Abolition of Titles
19	Right to Freedom
19A	Freedom of Speech & Expression
19B	Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms
19C	Freedom to form associations or unions
19D	Right to move freely in India
19E	Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
19F	Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
19G	Freedom to practise any profession
20	Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
21	Right to Life and Personal Liberty
21A	Right to Education
22	Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
23	Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour
24	Prohibition of child labour
25	Freedom to practise & propagate religion freely
26	Freedom to manage religious affairs
27	Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular region
28	Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions
29	Protection of Interests of Minorities
30	Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31	Compulsory acquisition of property
32	Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights